LOCATION KIVA MI+WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Kiva sandy loam-forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oi--1 to 0 inches; Mat of leaves, twigs, and other forest debris.
A--0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (1 to 5 inches thick)
E--4 to 6 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) sandy loam; very weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick)
Bs1--6 to 11 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many roots; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
Bs2--11 to 20 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the BS horizon is 3 to 17 inches.)
2C--20 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose; 30 percent gravel; 10 percent cobbles; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Leelanau County, Michigan, about 7 miles east of the town of Empire; 75 feet south and 25 feet east of northwest corner, sec. 28, T. 28 N., R. 13 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The depth to the 2C horizon and the thickness of the solum ranges from 10 to 24 inches. The solum ranges from slightly acid to mildly alkaline, but the more acid conditions are in the upper part of the solum. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 25 percent in the solum and from 13 to 50 percent in the 2C horizon. Volume of coarse fragments larger than 3 inches in size ranges from 0 to 7 percent in the solum and from 10 to 30 percent in the 2C horizon. Coarse fragments are dominantly limestone.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2.
The A or Ap horizon is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, gravelly sandy loam, or gravelly loam.
The E horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 2 or 3. It is sandy loam, loamy sand, loam, or gravelly analogs of these textures.
The Bs horizons have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR; value of 3 or 4; and chroma of 3 or 4. They are sandy loam, loam, gravelly sandy loam, or gravelly loam.
The 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is coarse sand or sand or the gravelly or very gravelly analogues of these textures.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Croswell, Deerton, Duel, East Lake, Ishpeming, Karlin, Missisquoi, Pence, Rousseau, Rubicon, Sayner, and Vilas series in the same family and the Chatham and Guardlake series. Chatham soils are coarse-loamy and have very gravelly or gravelly sandy loam or loamy sand 2C horizons. Croswell and East Lake soils have coarse, textured upper solums and have thicker solums. Deerton, Duel, and Ishpeming soils have a lithic contact within depths of 20 to 40 inches. Guardlake soils contain more coarse fragments in the control section and have spodic horizons that are higher in sesquioxides and organic carbon. Karlin, Missisquoi, Pence, Rosseau, Rubicon, Sayner, and Vilas soils are more acid in the 2C horizons and lack free carbonates within depths of 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, stream terraces, kames, eskers, and moraines. Slope gradients range from 0 to 45 percent. These soils formed in 10 to 24 inches of loamy deposits overlying sand and gravel. Mean annual temperature is estimated to range from 42 to 45 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation ranges from 26 to 33 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the excessively drained Alpena soils and the somewhat excessively drained Mancelona and East Lake soils on similar landscapes. The well drained or moderately well drained Chatham, and the well drained Emmet and Onaway soils are associated soils formed in loamy till.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is slow to rapid. Permeability is moderate in the upper part and very rapid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: A small part is cropped to small grains and hay. The greater part is in permanent pasture, forest, or is idle. The native vegetation is chiefly northern hardwoods, with some white spruce and balsam fir. The present forest vegetation has a high proportion of aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern and south-central Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Delta County, Michigan, 1969.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 4 inches (A horizon); albic horizon - the zone from 4 to 6 inches (E horizon); spodic horizon - the zone from 6 to 20 inches (Bs) and Bs2 horizons).