LOCATION OTWELL IN+KY OH WVEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Otwell silt loam on a 5 percent convex slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 143 meters (470 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine subangular structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches) thick]
Bt1--18 to 43 cm (7 to 17 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt2--43 to 58 cm (17 to 23 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of Bt horizon is 15 to 91 cm (6 to 36 inches) thick]
2Btx1--58 to 102 cm (23 to 40 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; common distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds and as fill in vertical joints; common medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) and few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
2Btx2--102 to 132 cm (40 to 52 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate thick platy; very firm; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds and as fill in vertical joints; few medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of 2Btx horizon is 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 inches) thick.]
2Bt1--132 to 165 cm (52 to 65 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; friable; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; few medium faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
2Bt2--165 to 203 cm (65 to 80 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate very thick platy structure parting moderate medium subangular blocky; friable; common faint reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) iron and manganese oxide concretions; strongly acid. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 41 to 71 cm (16 to more than 28 inches).]
TYPE LOCATION: Dubois County, Indiana; about 3 miles west of Ireland; 1540 feet south and 640 feet west of the northeast corner of section 22, T. 1 S.; R. 6 W. USGS Otwell topographic quad sheet; lat. 38 degrees 25 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 087 degrees 03 minutes 19 seconds W; NAD 27. UTM Zone 16, 495163 easting and 4252128 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to more than 203 cm (40 to more than 80 inches)
Thickness of the loess: 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to the fragipan: 50 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches) in non-eroded and moderately eroded pedons and ranges to 30 cm (12 inches) in severely eroded pedons.
Rock fragments, where present, are mixed lithology of glacial origin.
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 7.5YR, and 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: commonly silt loam and less silty clay loam
Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid in non-limed areas, and ranges to neutral in limed areas
A horizon (less than 4 inches thick):
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid
E or EB horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid in non-limed areas, and ranges to neutral in limed areas
Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y or 7.5YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 8 in the upper part; and 1 to 8 in the lower part
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 22 to 34 percent
Sand content: 2 to 15 percent
Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid
2Btx, 2Btgx, Btgx, or Btx horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y or 7.5YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 8
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Sand content: 2 to 40 percent
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam or clay loam
Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel
2Bt or 2Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 7.5YR or 5YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam, and can have minor strata of silty clay and fine sand
Clay content: 20 to 34 percent
Sand content: 5 to 65 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to strongly acid in the upper part and is strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel
2BC or 2BCg horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, 7.5YR or 5YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam that can be stratified and includes with minor strata of silty clay and fine sand
Clay content: 20 to 34 percent
Sand content: 5 to 65 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to strongly acid in the upper part and is strongly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent gravel
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Apalona, Ava, Bedford, Boston, Cincinnati, Fountainville, Grantsburg, Hildebrecht, Hosmer, Lawrenceville, Nicholson, Omulga, Otwood, Solsberry, Weisburg, and Zanesville soils. Apalona, Bedford, Boston, Nicholson, and Weisburg soils have some horizon below the fragipan that averages more than 35 percent clay. Ava soils formed in loess, silty and loamy sediments, and the underlying paleosol formed in till, do not have stratification below the fragipan and average less than 30 percent sand above a depth of 60 inches. Cincinnati soils average more than 4 percent rock fragments above a depth of 60 inches. Grantsburg and Hosmer soils formed in more than 48 inches of loess. Hildebrecht soils average more than 15 percent rock fragment in the fragipan. Fountainville, Lawrenceville and Zanesville soils have a lithic contact in the series control section. Omulga soils have rock fragments that are not of glacial origin. Otwood soils have mica flakes throughout the series control section and formed in loess and alluvium on stream or river terraces. Solsberry soils average more than 5 percent rock fragments of sandstone channers in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Otwell soils are on loess covered lake plains. Slopes typically are 2 to 18 percent, and range from 0 to 50 percent. The soils formed in 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of loess and the underlying lacustrine or glaciofluvial sediments. Mean annual temperature ranges from 10 to 14 degrees C (50 to 57 degrees F) and mean annual precipitation ranges from 965 to 1168 mm (38 to 46 inches). Frost-free period ranges from 150 to 200 days. Elevation ranges from 107 to 305 meters (350 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bartle, Dubois, Haubstadt, Pekin, and Peoga soils. Bartle soils are somewhat poorly drained and Pekin soils are moderately well drained. They both are on treads of stream terraces. Dubois soils are somewhat poorly drained and are on nearly level flats and gently sloping shoulder slopes of lake plains. Haubstadt soils are moderately well drained and are on nearly level to moderately sloping summits and shoulder slopes of lake plains. Peoga soils are poorly drained and are on treads of stream terraces or flats of lake plains.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to an intermittent perched high water table is at 46 to 91 cm (1.5 to 3.0 feet) from January through April in years with normal precipitation. The potential for surface water runoff ranges from medium to very high. A few areas are subject to flooding. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (1.41 to 14.11 micrometers/sec) above the fragipan and low to moderately high (0.07 to 1.41 micrometers/sec) in and below the fragipan. Permeability is moderate (0.6 to 2 inches/hour) above the fragipan and slow or very slow (0.01 to 0.2 inches/hour) in and below the fragipan.
USE AND VEGETATION: Otwell soils are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grain, and legume grass. Some areas are used for pasture and forest. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana, southern Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia. The series is of moderate extent and is in MLRAs 114A, 114B, 120A, 121, 122, 124, and 126. The type location is in MLRA 114B.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pike County, Indiana, 1930.
REMARKS: The type location was moved from Bartholomew County, IN to Dubois County, IN, and investigated to a depth of 93 inches. This type location is more representative of the landform for this series. Further investigation is needed to determine if this site represents the dominant soil properties for this series.
Flooded phases and severely eroded phases are recognized.
Diagnostic horizons and features - recognized in this pedon are:
1) ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of approximately 18 cm (7 inches), (Ap horizon);
2) argillic horizon - the zone from 18 to 203 cm (7 to 93 inches), (Bt1, Bt2, 2Btx1, 2Btx2, 2Bt1, 2Bt2 horizons);
3) fragipan - the zone from 58 to 132 cm (23 to 52 inches), (2Btx1, 2Btx2 horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data is available for this soil from Purdue Soil Characterization Laboratory Soil No. S76IN37-7