LOCATION PANA ILEstablished Series
The Pana series consists of well drained soils with moderately rapid permeability. They formed in glacial drift on uplands. Slope gradients range from 4 to 15 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 39 inches and mean annual temperature is about 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Pana silt loam. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; moderate medium granular and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; few rounded gravel; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary.
A--8 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; common mixing of brown (7.5YR 4/4) subsoil; common sand grains; few rounded gravel; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. (The combined thickness of the A horizon is 10 to 16 inches thick)
Bt1--12 to 27 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) and dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly clay loam; moderate and strong very fine subangular blocky structure; firm; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films; strongly acid; diffuse smooth boundary.
Bt2--27 to 61 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films; strongly acid; diffuse smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 22 to 50 inches thick)
C--61 to 96 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; massive; friable; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Montgomery County, Illinois; about 2 miles east of Ohlman, 320 feet south and 50 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 10 N., R. 1 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum ranges from 45 to 75 inches in thickness. Reaction of the solum is moderately acid or strongly acid. Pana soils formed in more than 5 feet of medium to coarse textured drift and the underlying sand and gravel.
The A horizon has 10YR hue, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture is loam or silt loam. Rock fragment content is 0 to 14 percent.
The B horizon has 7.5YR or 5YR hue, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. The textures are sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam or clay loam, or the gravelly counterparts of these textures. Rock fragment content is 0 to 25 percent.
The C horizon has 7.5YR or 5YR hue, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. The texture commonly is gravelly loam in the upper part but grades to stratified gravel and sand with increasing depth. Calcareous sand and gravel commonly are at depths of 7 to 10 feet. Rock fragment content is 15 to 35 percent.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Atkinson, Burchard, Calmar, Cokato, Cresco, Cresent, Durand, Friesland, Griswold, Hitt, Hochheim, Jasper, Joslin, Keosauqua, Kishwaukee, Marbletown, Markesan, Moingona, Morrill, Nuxmaruhanixete(T), Parmod, Penfield, Reedslake, Ringwood, Rockton, Rotamer, Schoolcraft, Shelby, Sibleyville, Velma, and Winnebago soils. Atkinson, Calmar, Hitt, and Rockton soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 60 inches or less. Burchard, Cokato, Cresco, Griswold, Kishwaukee, Moingona, Parmod, Reedslake, Ringwood, and Velma soils have carbonates within a depth of 70 inches or less. Cresent, Jasper, Keosauqua, Morrill, and Penfield soils average less than 15 percent gravel in the substratum. Durand soils have less than 10 percent sand in the upper 30 inches of the soil profile. Friesland soils have more than 40 percent silt in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Hochheim, Markesan, and Rotamer, soils have sola thinner than 24 inches. Joslin soils have hue of 2.5YR and more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the subsoil. Marbletown and Sibleyville soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 60 inches or less. Nuxmaruhanixete(T) soils have 15 to 35 inches of silty alluvium in the upper part of the soil profile. Schoolcraft soils have sandy textures above a depth of 40 inches. Shelby soils do not have hue redder than 10YR in the subsoil or substratum. Winnebago soils have less than 15 percent gravel in the lower part of the subsoil.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Pana soils are on narrow ridge tops and moderately to strongly Illinoian morainal areas. Slope gradients range from 4 to 15 percent. These soils formed in more than 5 feet of coarse textured glacial material and the underlying sand and gravel. Mean annual temperature is between 45 and 57 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is between 28 and 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Douglas and Negley soils. Douglas soils formed on ridge crests and upper parts of slopes where loess thickness is 40 to 60 inches over late Sangamon paleosols formed in Illinoian till. Negley soils are on adjacent slopes but lack mollic epipedons.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface water runoff is medium. Permeability is moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Commonly used for growing corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hays. Native vegetation is tall prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwestern and south central Illinois. The extent is small.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Christian County, Illinois, 1946.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 12 inches (Ap and A horizons); argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of 12 to 61 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).