LOCATION PATTON IL+IN KY OHEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Patton silty clay loam - nearly level in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 385 feet above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.
A--7 to 15 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizon is 10 to 18 inches.)
Bg1--15 to 20 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coats on faces of peds; few fine faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions and few fine prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
Bg2--20 to 28 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common fine prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
Bg3--28 to 35 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silty clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common fine prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 12 to 37 inches.)
Cg--35 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) stratified silty clay loam and silt loam; massive; friable; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent in lower part; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Edwards County, Illinois; about 8 miles west and 1 mile north of Grayville; 475 feet north and 50 feet east of the southwest corner, sec. 8, T. 3 S., R. 10 E. U.S.G.S. Golden Gate, Illinois topographic quadrangle; Latitude 38 degrees, 16 minutes, 18 seconds North and Longitude 88 degrees, 07 minutes, 52 seconds West., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16S 0401066E 4236357N..
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The solum typically is 30 to 40 inches in thickness, and ranges from 24 to 55 inches. Depth to carbonates is greater than 40 inches. The mollic epipedon includes the upper part of the B horizon in some pedons. The particle size control section averages between 27 and 35 percent clay. Rock fragment content typically averages less than 5 percent in the series control section but can range to 15 percent in individual subhorizons.
The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3 (3 to 5 dry), and chroma of 1 or 2. It commonly is silty clay loam but is silt loam in some pedons. Some pedons have a thin lighter colored silt loam overwash on the surface. Average clay content ranges from 22 to 35 percent. The Ap or A horizon is friable or firm. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to neutral.
The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR, 5Y, 2.5Y, or is neutral; value typically of 4 or 5, but including 3 in the upper part in some pedons; and chroma of 2 or less. Commonly, redox features are throughout and have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 7.5YR, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma typically of 3 to 6 but ranging from 1 to 8. It is dominantly silty clay loam but includes subhorizons that are silt loam in some pedons. Average clay content ranges from 27 to 35 percent. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to slightly alkaline.
Some pedons have a BCg horizon.
The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR, 5Y, 2.5Y, or is neutral; value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or less. Commonly, redox features are throughout and have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 7.5YR, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma 1 to 8. It typically is stratified silty clay loam and silt loam, but some pedons contain thin strata of coarser or finer textures. Average clay content ranges from 20 to 35 percent. Average sand content ranges from 7 to 25 percent and is dominantly very fine sand and fine sand. Carbonates are in the C horizon in most pedons, but are at depths greater than 40 inches. Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chalmers, Chetomba, Dolbee, Drummer, Dunham, Elpaso, Elvira, Garwin, Hartsburg, Madelia, Marcus, Mascoutah, Maxcreek, Maxfield, Maxmore, Ossian, Pella, Rushmore, Sable and Wacousta series. Chalmers soils average less than 20 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section and formed in loess and silty glacial till. Chetomba, Elpaso, Garwin, Mascoutah, Maxcreek, Maxfield, Maxmore and Sable soils are not stratified in the lower part of the series control section, thus have a rather uniform particle size distribution. In addition, Elpaso soils formed in 40 to 60 inches of loess over till; Garwin, Mascoutah and Sable soils formed entirely in loess; Maxfield soils have horizons with more than 7 percent sand within a depth of 40 inches; and Maxmore soils average more than 25 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Dolbee and Ossian soils are in areas that receive less than 35 inches of rainfall in normal years. In addition, Ossian soils formed in alluvium and typically average less than 27 percent clay in the cambic horizon. Drummer soils have, in the lower part of the series control section, a sand content generally greater than 25 percent that is not dominated by very fine sand and fine sand. Also Drummer soils formed in loess and stratified loamy outwash. Dunham soils average more than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Elvira soils have redox features with hue of 5YR or redder in the mollic epipedon and in the upper part of the cambic horizon and have greater than 25 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Hartsburg, Madelia, Pella, Rushmore and Wacousta soils have carbonates within a depth of 40 inches. Marcus soils average more than 35 percent clay in the surface layer and formed in loess on uplands.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Patton soils are on nearly level to depressional parts of stream terraces and glacial lake plains. Slopes are level or slightly concave with gradients of 0 to 2 percent. Patton soils formed in medium textured and moderately fine textured glaciolacustrine deposits and typically are underlain by stratified silty and loamy outwash sediments of Wisconsinan Age. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 52 to 57 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 48 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Camden, Harco, Henshaw, Markland, Marissa, McGary, Montgomery, Starks, Uniontown, and Zipp soils. The well drained Camden, Markland, and Uniontown soils do not have a mollic epipedon and have an argillic horizon. They are on nearby higher-lying or more sloping stream terraces. The somewhat poorly drained Harco soils have carbonates at depths less than 40 inches, are on slightly higher parts of stream terraces, and form a hydro-sequence with Patton soils. The somewhat poorly drained Henshaw, McGary, and Starks soils do not have a mollic epipedon and have an argillic horizon. These soils are on similar but slightly higher stream terraces. The somewhat poorly drained Marissa soils have an albic horizon and an argillic horizon, and are on slightly higher stream terraces. The very poorly drained Montgomery and Zipp soils contain more clay in the control section. In addition, Zipp soils do not have a mollic epipedon. Montgomery and Zipp soils are on adjacent or somewhat lower parts of glacial lake plains and stream terraces.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Poorly drained. The potential for surface water runoff is negligible to low. Ponding typically occurs in the spring. Permeability is moderate in the solum and typically is moderately slow in the substratum. Flooded phases are recognized with flooding frequency ranging from rare to frequent (see Remarks).
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Small grain and meadow are also grown. Native vegetation is hydrophytic vegetation including grasses, sedges, and widely spaced trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Illinois, central Indiana, southern Ohio, and northern Kentucky. The extent is large; more than 192,500 acres mapped.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Wabash County, Illinois, 1931.
REMARKS: Areas mapped with frequent and occasional flooding will be evaluated during MLRA maintenance and update activities to determine if placement in the Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls great group is more appropriate. The current concept of the Patton series does not place them on active flood plains.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 15 inches (Ap and A horizons);
cambic horizon - the zone from 15 to 35 inches (Bg1, Bg2, and Bg3 horizons);
Aquic moisture regime -- redox features in the lower part of the mollic as well as gray matrix and redox features in underlying horizons.