LOCATION RAVENNA OH PAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aeric Fragiaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Ravenna silt loam, on a 1 1/2 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 1165 feet above msl. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap-- 0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 11 inches thick.)
E-- 9 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick in cultivated areas and 3 to 12 inches thick in undisturbed areas.)
BE-- 11 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on faces of peds; many medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick.)
2Bt-- 14 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent rock fragments; few distinct clay depletions on faces of peds; common medium distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (3 to 20 inches thick.)
2Btx1-- 18 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate very coarse prismatic structure parting to coarse subangular blocky; firm; brittle; many distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay films on peds and many prominent gray (10YR 5/1 and 6/1) clay films on vertical faces of prisms; common black and dark brown iron-manganese accumulations and concretions; 5 percent rock fragments; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2Btx2-- 27 to 45 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm; brittle; many prominent gray (N 5/0) clay films on vertical prism faces with a fine rind of yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron accumulation between the clay film and prism interiors; common black and dark brown iron-manganese accumulations; 5 percent rock fragments; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Btx horizons is 15 to 45 inches.)
2BC-- 45 to 55 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure; very firm; many prominent gray (N 5/0) clay films on vertical faces of prisms; 8 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick.)
2CB-- 55 to 70 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; thick dark gray (N 4/0) to gray (N 5/0) clay films on occasional vertical partings; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 40 inches thick.)
2C-- 70 to 90 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; firm; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Ohio; East Union Township, about 2 miles north of Apple Creek, 1820 feet east and 885 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 16, T. 16 N., R. 12 W.; U.S.G.S. Orrville, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 46 minutes, 56 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 50 minutes, 17 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness is 40 to 80 inches. Free carbonates are at depths of 60 to 100 inches or more. Base saturation is above 60 percent in the lower part of the solum or C horizon. The depth to the top of the fragipan ranges from 14 to 30 inches. Content of rock fragments is 2 to 25 percent in horizons derived from till and are dominantly sandstone, but includes some shale and a few crystalline rocks. The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay. Unless limed, reaction ranges in the A and E horizons from slightly acid to extremely acid; in the Bt or 2Bt horizon from moderately acid to extremely acid; in the Btx or 2Btx from very strongly acid to neutral; in the BC or 2BC from very strongly acid to slightly alkaline; and in the C or 2C horizon from strongly acid to slightly alkaline.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5 (6 or 7 dry), and chroma of 1 to 3. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick that has a value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry) and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is silt loam or loam.
The E horizon is mixed in the Ap in some cultivated areas. Where present, it has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 4, and has redoximorphic features. It is silt loam or loam.
The BE or B/E horizon has silt coats on ped faces that indicate degradation. It has value of 5 or 6 and chroma of 1 to 4.
The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6; and few to many redoximorphic features. Ped faces have hues of 10YR to 5Y with dominant chroma of 2 or less. Texture commonly is loam or silt loam, but subhorizons of clay loam, silty clay loam, or gravelly phases of these textures are permitted. Structure is weak or moderate subangular or angular blocky with primary structure of weak or moderate fine to coarse prismatic in some pedons.
The Btx or 2Btx horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 3 or 4, and redoximorphic features. It is sandy loam, loam, or silt loam; or their gravelly analogues.
The BC or 2BC horizon, is similar to the Btx or 2Btx in color and texture but lacks brittleness.
The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is silt loam, loam, or sandy loam; or their gravelly analogues.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Abbottstown, Buckingham, Portville, and Venango series. Abbottstown soils have a lithic contact within 60 inches. Buckingham soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the C horizon. Portville soils lack crystalline rock fragments and are formed in colluvium. Venango soils lack a horizon above the fragipan that has clay films.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Ravenna soils are formed in Wisconsinan age till on till plains. They occupy areas that are in or near the lowest position in the landscape. Slope range is from 0 to 15 percent. Soils developed in till with a thin loess cap in many places. The till has a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 to 40 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Canfield, Fitchville, Frenchtown, Jimtown, and Wooster soils. The moderately well drained Canfield soils and well drained Wooster soils are formed in similar soil materials and are on higher and steeper areas nearby. The poorly drained Frenchtown soils formed in similar soil materials and are in nearby low areas and drainage ways. Fitchville and Jimtown soils lack fragipans and are on nearby terrace treads and risers.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to high. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and slow in the fragipan. In undisturbed areas the depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table is at 0.5 to 1.0 feet during November to June in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in cropland. Corn, oats, wheat, and mixed hay are principal crops. Some areas are used for pasture and a few are wooded. The natural vegetation is deciduous forest with sugar maple, beech, and red oak the main species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern to central Ohio and northwestern Pennsylvania. MLRA 126, 139, 140 and 147. The soils are of large extent, about 295,000 acres.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Ashland and Wayne Counties, Muddy Fork Project, Ohio, 1936.
REMARKS: Use of Ravenna in MLRA 126 and 147 is questioned. Clarification of this item is being pursued.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
a) Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 14 inches (Ap, E, BE horizon).
b) Argillic horizon - from a depth of 14 to 55 inches (2Bt, 2Btx1, 2Btx2, 2B't horizons).
c) Fragipan - 18 to 45 inches (2Btx1, 2Btx2 horizons).
d) Redoximorphic features - 9 to 45 inches.
Notes: 02/2000 revision included numerous changes made to all parts of the OSD. Pedon description updated to include redoximorphic features.
Acreage based on 2004 data.
08/2005-The competing series were compared by the 9th Edition of Keys to Soils Taxonomy.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Ravenna series include profiles CO-15, CO-25, CO-58, CO-59, CO-105, GA-S20, MH-27, MH-36, SK-18, ST-16 and WN-S6; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.