LOCATION SALAMANCA NYEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, frigid Aquic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Salamanca silt loam, on a 6 percent slope in an idle field. (Colors are for moist soil).
Ap-- 0 to 8 inches, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; 10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 11 inches thick.)
Bw1-- 8 to 16 inches, brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, weak fine subangular block structure; very friable; common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bw2-- 16 to 28 inches, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) channery silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular block structure; firm; very few roots; pale brown (10YR 6/3) on all faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletions and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulations within the matrix; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw3-- 28 to 37 inches, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) channery silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) masses of iron depletions and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations within the matrix; 25 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons 18 to 45 inches.)
C-- 37 to 72 inches, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) channery silt loam; massive; firm; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletions and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations within the matrix; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Cattaraugus County, New York; town of Lyndon, one mile east of North Center Road and Porter Road, 400 feet north of Porter Road. USGS Rawson, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 42 degrees, 19 minutes, 22 seconds N. and Longitude 78 degrees, 20 minutes, 12 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 26 to 50 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments, mostly channers and flagstones, range from 5 to 35 percent, by volume, in the upper part of the solum and from 20 to 50 percent in the lower part of the solum and substratum.
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 through 3. Texture is silt loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The Bw horizons have hues of 7.5YR through 5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6. Texture is silt loam, loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse subangular blocky or granular. Consistence ranges from very friable to firm. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
Some pedons have a BC horizon that is similar to the Bw horizon in color and texture, but differs in having weaker structure and textures ranging to very channery analogues.
The C horizon has hues of 7.5YR through 5Y, values of 3 through 5, and chroma of 1 through 4. Texture is silt loam, loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
COMPETING SERIES: The only series in the same family is the Ischua series. Ischua soils are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock.
The Almond, Franklinville, Hornellsville, Gretor, and Leatherbark soils are similar soils in related families. Almond soils have aquic moisture regime. Franklinville soils have a coarse-loamy particle size control section. Gretor and Hornellsville soils have bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches. Leatherbark are somewhat poorly drained soils formed in residual material and have bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Salamanca soils are gently sloping to steep soils on upland hilltops, ridges and valley sides. Slope ranges from 3 to 35 percent. The soils formed in till derived from soft shale, and some siltstone and sandstone. Mean annual temperature ranges from 42 to 46 degrees F.; mean annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 45 inches; and the frost free season ranges from 90 to 120 days. These soils are at elevations that range from 1800 to 2400 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Ischua, Lewbath, Mongaup, Napoli, Schuyler, Towerville and Yorkshire soils are on nearby landscapes. Lewbath soils are in areas that have a fragipan. Ischua and Mongaup soils occur where bedrock is at depths of less than 40 inches. Schuyler and Towerville soils are at lower elevations and have a mesic temperature regime. Napoli and Yorkshire soils are in areas that have an argillic horizon and a fragipan.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is medium to very high. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and upper part of the subsoil, and moderately slow to very slow in the lower part of the subsoil and substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most gently sloping and sloping areas have been cleared and used for hay and pasture with some corn and small grains. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods of sugar maple, beech, northern red oak, black cherry and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Higher elevations of the glaciated Appalachian Plateau in southern New York. MLRA 139 and 140. The series is of small extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Cattaraugus County, New York 2002.
REMARKS: Salamanca soils have previously been mapped as a cool phase of the Schuyler series.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the typical pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 8 inches (Ap horizon).
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 8 to 37 inches (Bw horizons).
3. Aquic subgroup - as evidenced by low chroma redoximorphic features above a depth of 24 inches (Bw2 horizon).