LOCATION THERESA WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Theresa silt loam - on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 935 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; many fine fibrous roots; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 9 inches thick)
E--8 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; moderate medium platy structure; friable; common fine fibrous roots; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 3 inches thick)
BE--10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine fibrous roots; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
Bt1--14 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; common faint brown (10YR 5/3) coatings of silt grains on vertical faces of some peds; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (3 to 5 inches thick)
2Bt2--18 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium angular and subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine fibrous roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (6 to 8 inches thick)
2Bt3--24 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak and moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 8 percent gravel, mostly partially weathered dolomite; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (8 to 10 inches thick)
2Cd--34 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive, firm, tends to break to weak very thick plates along horizontal cleavage planes; about 10 percent gravel, mostly dolomite, but some of mixed lithology; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Calumet County, Wisconsin; about 2 miles northeast of New Holstein; 1,000 feet west and 100 feet south of the northeast corner, sec. 12, T. 17 N., R. 20 E. USGS Kiel, Wisconsin Topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 57 minutes 59 seconds N., and long. 88 degrees 02 minutes 45 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon and to the densic contact with till ranges from 24 to 40 inches. Thickness of the loess mantle ranges from 10 to 23 inches. Depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The particle-size control section averages between 25 and 35 percent clay and from 15 to 40 percent fine sand or coarser. Rock fragments are typically absent in the loess. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 12 percent in the 2B horizon and from 5 to 35 percent in the 2Cd horizon. Volume of cobbles or stones ranges from 0 to 1 percent in the 2B horizon and from 0 to 5 percent in the 2Cd horizon. Reaction naturally is moderately acid or slightly acid in the loess but ranges to slightly alkaline, where the soil is limed. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the 2Bt horizon and is moderately alkaline in the 2C horizon.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Colors with moist value of 3 have dry value of 6 or more. Some pedons have an A horizon, 2 to 5 inches thick, with hue of 10YR and value and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture of the Ap or A horizon is typically silt loam, but is silty clay loam where severely eroded phases are recognized.
The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is silt loam.
The BE horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, and value and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is silt loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5 and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam.
The 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is clay loam or loam. A thin organic matter and clay rich 2Bt horizon (Beta B) with value and chroma of 2 or 3 is present in some pedons just above the 2Cd horizon. Carbonates are in the lower part of the 2Bt horizon in some pedons.
The 2Cd horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is is loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly analogues. Clay content ranges from 5 to 20 percent. The calcium carbonate equivalent ranges from 40 to 60 percent.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bluemount, Caprell, Douds, Grellton, Kendallville, Kiever, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, McHenry, Mifflin, Nodine, Norden, Ott, Pecatonica, Plumcreek, Renova, Rockbridge, Westville, Whalan, and Wykoff series. None of these soils have a densic contact within the series control section. In addition, Bluemount and Whalan soils have a lithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Douds, Kliever, Letort, Lindley, Nodine, Plumcreek, Rockbridge, and Wykoff soils do not have carbonates within the series control section; Mandeville and Norden soils have a paralithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches, and Ott soils at a depth of 15 to 30 inches; and Mifflin soils have a lithic contact at 40 to 55 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Theresa soils are on convex slopes of drumlins and ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent. Theresa soils formed in loess and the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 34 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from approximately 45 to 51 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Hochheim, Lamartine, and Mayville soils that are on similar landscapes. The well drained Hochheim soils commonly occupy steeper slopes and have sola less than 24 inches thick. The moderately well drained Mayville and somewhat poorly drained Lamartine soils commonly occupy gentler slopes or level sites in nearby areas where the loess mantle is more than 22 inches thick.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff ranges from low to very high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland and some for woodland. Native vegetation is maple-basswood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Wisconsin. Theresa soils are extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Dodge County, Wisconsin, 1974.
REMARKS: This soil was at one time included with the Miami series.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - 0 to 14 inches (Ap, E, BE); argillic horizon - 14 to 34 inches (Bt1, 2Bt2, 2Bt3).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to soil survey pedon numbers S68WI-015-003 and S68WI-015-004 for data on two Theresa pedons.