LOCATION YOTES              NV

YOTES SERIES

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy, glassy, mesic Vitritorrandic Haploxerolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Yotes gravelly ashy sandy loam--rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) The soil surface is covered with approximately 15 percent pebbles.

A1--0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly ashy sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 15 percent pebbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.0); gradual smooth boundary. (3 to 5 inches thick)

A2--4 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly ashy sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and common fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; 20 percent pebbles; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)

Bk--12 to 21 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly ashy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine through coarse roots; common fine tubular pores; 20 percent pebbles; few secondary calcium carbonate concretions on bottom of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth boundary. (8 to 10 inches thick)

Bqk1--21 to 41 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly ashy sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; hard, firm and brittle, nonsticky and nonplastic; few medium roots; few fine tubular pores; 50 percent durinodes; 30 percent pebbles; many secondary calcium carbonate concretions around rock fragments and pendants on bottom of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth boundary. (19 to 21 inches thick)

Bqk2--41 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/2) gravelly ashy sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; massive; hard, firm and brittle, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 50 percent durinodes; 18 percent pebbles; many secondary calcium carbonate concretions around rock fragments and pendants on bottom of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4).

TYPE LOCATION: Lincoln County, Nevada; about 15 miles northwest of Atlanta; about 1,700 feet north and 2,200 feet west of the southeast corner of section 11, T. 9 N., R. 67 E.; USGS Indian Springs Knolls 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; 38 degrees, 39 minutes, 08 seconds north latitude and 114 degrees, 25 minutes, 30 seconds west longitude, NAD27.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil moisture - Moist in winter and spring, dry in summer and fall and intermittently moist for 10 to 20 days cumulative between July and September due to convection storms. Aridic soil moisture regime that borders on xeric.
Mean annual soil temperature - 47 to 52 degrees F.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 9 to 15 inches.
Depth to base of cambic horizon - 17 to 25 inches.
Depth to horizons with durinodes - 17 to 25 inches.
Volcanic glass content: 40 to 60 percent in the 0.2 to 2.0 mm fraction.

Control section - Clay content: Averages 5 to 18 percent.
Rock fragments: Averages 15 to 35 percent, mainly fine (2 to 5 mm diameter) pebbles. Lithology of fragments is volcanic rocks such as welded tuff and rhyolite.

A horizons - Value: 4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist.
Chroma: 2 or 3, dry or moist.
Reaction: Neutral to moderately alkaline.
Effervescence: Noneffervescent to strongly effervescent.
Organic matter content: 1 or 2 percent.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent in the material less than 2 mm.

Bk horizon - Value: 5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist.
Chroma: 3 or 4, dry or moist.
Texture: Gravelly ashy loam or gravelly ashy sandy loam.
Reaction: Moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Effervescence: Strongly effervescent or violently effervescent.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 5 percent.
Other features: This horizon has slightly higher clay content than the overlying horizon and is a cambic horizon.

Bqk horizons - Value: 5 through 8 dry, 4 through 7 moist.
Chroma: 2 through 4, dry or moist.
Texture: Gravelly ashy sandy loam or gravelly ashy loam.
Durinodes: 30 to 50 percent.
Rupture resistance: Some pedons have a matrix which is firm and brittle when moist.
Reaction: Moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 1 to 5 percent.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bitner(NV), Brays(WA), Chelan(WA), Deskamp(OR), Dryhollow(OR), Emagert(NV), Emagert(NV), Kester(WA), Surprise(CA), Weezweed(NV), Winblow(WA), Yellowhills(NV), and Zark(NV).
Bitner and Zark soils are moderately deep to paralithic contacts.
Brays, Deskamp, Kester, and Winblow soils are moderately deep to lithic contacts.
The Chelan soils are deep to dense compact till.
Dryhollow soils are not intermittently moist for 10 to 20 days between July and September and contain pumice gravel.
Emagert soils have mollic epipedons greater than 24 inches thick.
Surprise soils are noncalcareous throughtout.
Weezweed soils contain 18 to 27 percent clay and less than 10 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section.
Yellowhills soils contain 0 to 15 percent rock fragments in the particle-size control section.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Yotes soils are on fan remnants. These soils formed in alluvium derived from rhyolite and welded tuff. Slopes are 2 to 8 percent. Elevations range from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The climate is semiarid with cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. The mean annual precipitation is 8 to 10 inches, mean annual temperature is 45 to 47 degrees F., and the frost-free period is 100 to 120 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Plegomir and Zoda soils. Plegomir soils are loamy, very shallow and shallow to indurated duripans, and have ochric epipedons. Zoda soils are fine-loamy, moderately deep to duripans, and have ochric epipedons and argillic horizons.

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; very low surface runoff; moderate permeability; saturated hydraulic conductivity class is moderately high or high.

USE AND VEGETATION: Yotes soils are used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. The native potential vegetation is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, needleandthread, Indian ricegrass, and blue grama. This pedon is correlated to Ecological Site R028AY015NV, Loamy 8-10 P.Z.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Nevada. These soils are not extensive. MLRA 28A.

MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Reno, Nevada.

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lincoln County, Nevada, North Part 1993.

REMARKS: The revision of March 2001 updated the taxonomic class from Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic Duric Haploxerolls and recognized the presence of a cambic horizon. The revision of March 2006 updated the taxonomic class from Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Duridic Haploxerolls and recognized the presence of volcanic ash weathered from the parent material.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon - The zone from the soil surface to 12 inches (A1 and A2 horizons).
Cambic horizon - The zone from 12 to 21 inches (Bk horizon).
Duric feature - The zone from 21 to 60 inches (Bqk1 and Bqk2 horizons).
Particle-size control section - The zone from 10 to 40 inches (Bk horizon and parts of the A2 and Bqk1 horizons).